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  • RRID:SCR_007334

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://www.census.gov/cps/

The Current Population Survey (CPS) is a monthly survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics for more than 50 years. It provides a comprehensive body of data on the labor force, employment, unemployment, and persons not in the labor force. The CPS is the primary source of information on the labor force characteristics of the U.S. population. The sample is scientifically selected to represent the civilian noninstitutional population. Respondents are interviewed to obtain information about the employment status of each member of the household 15 years of age and older. However, published data focus on those ages 16 and over. The sample provides estimates for the nation as a whole and serves as part of model-based estimates for individual states and other geographic areas. Estimates obtained from the CPS include employment, unemployment, earnings, hours of work, and other indicators. They are available by a variety of demographic characteristics including age, sex, race, marital status, and educational attainment. They are also available by occupation, industry, and class of worker. Supplemental questions to produce estimates on a variety of topics including school enrollment, income, previous work experience, health, employee benefits, and work schedules are also often added to the regular CPS questionnaire. CPS data are used by government policymakers and legislators as important indicators of our nations economic situation and for planning and evaluating many government programs. They are also used by the press, students, academics, and the general public.

Proper citation: Current Population Survey (RRID:SCR_007334) Copy   


http://jaxmice.jax.org/list/ra56.html

This Resource maintains and distributes mouse models for neural tube defects. Current Neural Tube Defect stains include: * Repository- Live: 129(Cg)-Foxg1/J, B6.129P2(Cg)-Foxg1/J, B6.129P2-Apob/J, B6.129S7-Twist1/J, B6.129X1(Cg)-Shh/J, B6.Cg-Lootl/GrsrJ, B6.D2-Kitl/J, B6;129-Pax3/J, B6;129-Shh/J, B6;SJL-Tg(Sox10-cre)507Mcln/J, C57BL/6J-Pax3/J, STOCK Ptch1/J, STOCK Sec24b/J, STOCK Smo/J, STOCK Tgfb3/J, WCB6F1/J-Kitl/Kitl, * Cryopreserved - Ready for recovery: 129-Ski/J, 129-Tulp3/Pjn, 129/Sv-Csk/J, 129P4.Cg-Axin1/J, 129S-Dvl2/J, 129S-Dvl3/J, 129S-Nog/J, 129S1/Sv-Sufu/J, 129X1-Smo/J, A.129P-Ski/J, A/WySnJ-ctl/GrsrJ, B6-Pax3.Cg-N/J, B6.129-Dll1/J, B6.129-Kif3a/J, B6.129-Ski/J, B6.129-Tulp3/Pjn, B6.129S1-Twist1/J, B6.129S2-Mgat1/J, B6.129S4-Shroom3/J, B6.129S4-Strap/J, B6.129S6-Crebbp/Jm, B6.129S6-Dnmt3l/J, B6.C3 Pde6bHps4/+ +-Lmx1a/J, B6.C3-Gli3/J, B6;129-Apob Apoe/J, B6;129S-Ldlr Apob/J, B6;129S-Twist1/J, B6;129S6-Apaf1/J, B6;129S7-Apob/J, B6C3Fe a/a-Lmx1a/J, B6C3Fe a/a-Wnt1/J, B6CBACa A/A-we a Mafb/J, B6EiC3Sn a/A-Egfr Wnt3a/J, BNT/LeJ, C3H/HeSn-Gpr161/J, C3HeB/FeJ x STX/Le-Mc1r Gli3 Tw/J, C57BL/6J-Pax3/J, FL/1Re-Kit/J, FL/1ReJ, JE/LeJ, LPT/LeJ, STOCK Apaf1/J, STOCK Grhl3/J, STOCK Mttp Ldlr Apob Tg(Mx1-cre)1Cgn/J, STOCK Pax3 Mlph/J, STOCK Shh/J, STOCK T/J, STOCK a/a Egfr/J, STOCK t tf/J, WB.Cg-f/J, WB.D2-Kitl/J, 129S1.B6-Shroom3/J * Under Development - Now Accepting Orders: 129S1.B6-Shroom3/J, 129S1.B6-Zic2/J, STOCK Nog/J, STOCK Tg(TCF/Lef1-cre/ERT2)1Dje/J First time users are required to fill out a request form for mice. Information on individual strains is also available through links on the Web site.

Proper citation: JAX Mice: Neural Tube Defects (RRID:SCR_007333) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_007176

    This resource has 50+ mentions.

http://biorobotics.org

This is portal takes you to the BioRobotics Laboratory website. Keywords: Laboratory, Software, Robot, Robotics, Biology,

Proper citation: BioRobotics Laboratory (RRID:SCR_007176) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_007207

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://www.poweratlas.org/

The Power Atlas is a web-based resource to assist investigators in the planning and design of microarray and expression based experiments. This software is currently aimed at estimating the power and sample size for a two group comparison based upon pilot data. The methods underlying the web site are reported in Gadbury et al (2004) and the software is described in further detail at Page et al (2006). There are two ways to use the Power Atlas: 1. We have downloaded the datasets currently in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and processed each of them with our power analysis software. Investigators may search among the datasets for the experiment that most closely resembles their proposed project and get sample size and power estimates. 2. Investigators may upload their own preliminary data and the program will extrapolate power from this dataset.

Proper citation: Power Atlas (RRID:SCR_007207) Copy   


http://www.port.ac.uk/research/exrc/

Supports researchers using Xenopus models. Researchers are encouraged to deposit Xenopus transgenic and mutant lines, Xenopus in situ hybridization probes, Xenopus specific antibodies and Xenopus expression clones with the Centre. EXRC staff perform quality assurance testing on these reagents and then make them available to researchers at cost. Supplies wild-type Xenopus, embryos, oocytes and Xenopus tropicalis fosmids.

Proper citation: European Xenopus Resource Center (RRID:SCR_007164) Copy   


http://www.ninds.nih.gov/research/parkinsonsweb/amr/amr_mice_ucla_repository.htm

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on April 26, 2011. Information for depositors Investigators who are willing to share mice with the PD research community through this resource should send an email to PDMice_at_ninds.nih.gov describing the mouse. The submission will be reviewed by the PD Models Repository Oversight Committee and, if accepted, a copy of the MTA will be sent by return email. NINDS is most interested in distributing mice that have been characterized in a peer-reviewed publication, but other models will certainly be considered. The email should describe the following: The protocol for identification from tail DNA. The health report of the mice to be shipped (the report has to be less than 2 months old). Information about the strain and any special needs for care and breeding. Information about any publications involving the mice Certification that mice are not encumbered by continuing intellectual property or other rights to any research, data or discovery utilizing the animals. Information for consumers Investigators desiring to study the mice available through the repository should send a request via email to PDMice_at_ninds.nih.gov. Requests will be reviewed by the PD Models Repository Oversight Committee and priority will be determined on a first come, first served basis; two breeding pairs will typically be shipped to any single requester. As detailed in the MTA, mice are not available for commercial research, including but not limited to drug screening. Neither the creator nor UCLA have a role in the governance of the Repository, and specifically, cannot impose conditions upon availability or distribution. It is anticipated that until the Repository is in a mode of steady state production, requests will be collected and mice distributed as supply allows. The email requesting mice should include: A brief description of the protocol Either a copy of the IACUC approval letter or numberNINDS/UCLA Repository for Parkinson's Disease Mouse Models: One of the most immediate and important benefits of discoveries regarding the genetic or environmental causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the subsequent development of animal models wherein therapeutic and/or preventative interventions may be studied. The widespread availability of such models is critically important to making progress against a disorder that affects more than 500,000 Americans at any given time. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) fully recognizes the burden placed on investigators by the financial and logistical realities of distributing high demand research resources. Some investigators have deposited their mice with national distribution facilities but many mouse models are not available through such resources. Developing means to facilitate greater sharing of mouse models of PD is one of the goals developed by the PD research community at the July 2002 summit meeting convened by the NIH Director. Accordingly, as part of the effort to accelerate PD research, NINDS and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) created a resource that will distribute transgenic mouse models of human PD that are not yet available through national commercial resources. Investigators who are willing to share mice with the PD research community can simply arrange with NINDS to have the mice deposited at UCLA and investigators desiring to study the mice may arrange with NINDS to obtain two breeding pairs. The process will use Material Transfer Agreements created specifically for this arrangement.

Proper citation: NINDS/UCLA Repository for Parkinson's Disease Mouse Models (RRID:SCR_007319) Copy   


http://www.research-in-germany.de/

The English web portal www.research-in-germany.de is an information platform and contact point for all looking to find out more about Germany''s research landscape and its latest research achievements. An interdisciplinary portal The portal not only informs researchers and scientists about what Germany has to offer them. It also covers the 17 future fields of the High-Tech Strategy and other fields of science and learning. In addition, it addresses a whole host of other players from politics and government, business and industry, or science and research, as well as our young researchers, of course. Editorial responsibility for the portal lies with the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), acting on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The Research in Germany Land of Ideas Campaign The campaign to Promote Innovation and Research in Germany was launched in November 2006 to position German research in the international market. Since then, the campaign has been running worldwide under the brand Research in Germany Land of Ideas. Its declared goal is to highlight research in Germany and the advantages that it offers. This makes German research institutions more visible to our partners, customers and competitors. The campaign primarily aims to strengthen the networks that exist between German research institutions and our strategic partners worldwide. A further goal involves inspiring the world''s best minds in research and development to come to Germany to carry out their projects and then to make the most of the resulting opportunities that open up for both sides. Not to forget the goal of encouraging more international cooperation in science and research. job resource; funding resource; grants; training resource.

Proper citation: Research in Germany Web Portal (RRID:SCR_007410) Copy   


http://www.neuroschools-germany.com

This is an umbrella site for the major neuroscience programs in Germany, including GTTINGEN: MSc/PhD/MD-PHD Neurosciences Program BOCHUM: International Graduate School of Neuroscience TBINGEN: Graduate Training Center of Neuroscience MNCHEN: MSc/PhD Neurosciences Program BERLIN: International Graduate Program Medical Neurosciences, International Graduate Program Computational Neurosciences, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Helmholtz International Research School Molecular Neurobiology MAGDEBURG: Integrative Neuroscience.

Proper citation: German Graduate Schools of Neuroscience (RRID:SCR_007403) Copy   


http://jaxmice.jax.org/list/ra1642.html

Produce new neurological mouse models that could serve as experimental models for the exploration of basic neurobiological mechanisms and diseases. The impetus for the program resulted from the recognition that: * The value of genomic data would remain limited unless more information about the functionality of its individual components became available. * The task of linking genes to specific behavior would best be accomplished by employing a combination of different approaches. In an effort to complement already existing programs, the Neuroscience Mutagenesis Facility decided to use: a random, genome-wide approach to mutagenesis, i.e.N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) as the mutagen; a three-generation back-cross breeding scheme to focus on the detection of recessive mutations; behavioral screens selective for the detection of phenotypes deemed useful for the program goals. The resulting mutant mouse lines have been available to the scientific community for the last five years and over 700 NMF mice have been sent to interested investigators for research; these mutant mouse lines will remain available as frozen embryos (which can be re-derived on request) and can be ordered through the JAX customer service at 1-800-422-6423 (or 207-288-5845). The results of the work of the Neuroscience Mutagenesis Facility and that of two other neurogenesis centers, i.e. The Neurogenomics Project at Northwestern University, and the Neuromutagenesis Project of the Tennessee Mouse Genome Consortium, can also be seen at Neuromice.org, a common web site of these three research centers; in addition, information about all mutants produced by these groups has been recorded in MGI.

Proper citation: JAX Neuroscience Mutagenesis Facility (RRID:SCR_007437) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_007427

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://www.aneurist.org/

Project focused on cerebral aneurysms and provides integrated decision support system to assess risk of aneurysm rupture in patients and to optimize their treatments. IT infrastructure has been developeded for management and processing of vast amount of heterogeneous data acquired during diagnosis.

Proper citation: aneurIST (RRID:SCR_007427) Copy   


http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gind/

GIND provides a highly interactive academic environment and state-of-the-art research facilities that are ideal for training in neuroscience and biomedical research. GIND Investigators hold university appointments at UCSF and participate in educational activities, including the teaching and training of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Additionally, GIND is actively engaged in efforts to translate scientific discoveries into better treatments for major diseases of the nervous system. Sponsors: Support for GIND comes from the University of California at San Francisco.

Proper citation: Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (RRID:SCR_008072) Copy   


http://mmil.ucsd.edu/

An interdisciplinary group of scientists and clinicians who study the human brain using a variety of imaging, recording, and computational techniques. Their primary goal is to bridge non-invasive imaging technologies to the underlying neurophysiology of brain neuronal circuits for a better understanding of healthy human brain function, and mechanisms of disruption of this function in diseases such as Alzheimer's, epilepsy and stroke. The other goal of the MMIL is to develop and apply advanced imaging techniques to understanding the human brain and its disorders. In order to ground these methodological developments in their underlying neurobiology, invasive studies in humans and animals involving optical and micro physiological measures are also performed. These methodologies are applied to understanding normal function in sleep, memory and language, development and aging, and diseases such as dementia, epilepsy and autism.

Proper citation: Multimodal Imaging Laboratory (RRID:SCR_008071) Copy   


https://www.har.mrc.ac.uk

UK’s national facility for mouse genetics and use of mouse models for preclinical study of human disease.Offers services to researchers around the world. Services include free archiving of mouse lines to protect them for future use, distribution of mouse lines from the Archive, breeding and phenotyping of genetically altered mice, and genome engineering services to generate new mouse models.Offers archiving and distribution of mouse lines to safeguard germplasm collected from unique strains and make it readily available to the scientific community.

Proper citation: Medical Research Council Harwell: An International Centre for Mouse Genetics (RRID:SCR_008013) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_008010

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://www-bird.jst.go.jp/index_e.html

BIRD''s mission is to aid the progress of bioinformatics and promote creation of new biology, which has computational, deductive, predictive, and theoretical features. (most of this site is in Japanese) To carry out its responsibilities, BIRD: * Promotes appropriate development of bioinformatics research and development, such as what kinds of databases and analysis software should be developed and what kind of computer facilities are needed for that development. * Maintains the computer environment and network and functions as a funding agency to further promotion plans. * Develops basic databases: genome sequence database, protein 3D structure database, gene expression profile database, molecular interaction database, etc. * Conducts and coordinates integration, enhancement, and standardization of the basic databases. * Develops computing tools for analyzing various kinds of biological and experimental data, data mining from databases, computer simulation of living systems and so on. * Develops ontologies necessary for data and knowledge description of databases storing biological functions and integration of the basic databases. * Conducts and coordinates research and development of innovative and creative technologies and theories which move toward understanding life as an information system, especially approaches by collaboration of computer scientists and experimental scientists. * Provides computer facilities for developing databases and software and making them publicly available. * Sets up training courses for teaching utilization of databases and tools for novices in bioinformatics and sponsors scientific meetings. * Provides community space with high performance computing facilities where innovative ideas are cultivated by free discussion and "trial and error" with the computer in order to promote development of young scientists who will create new biological discoveries based on bioinfomatics and become leaders in the field.

Proper citation: BIRD - Bio Info R and D (RRID:SCR_008010) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_008270

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://biolit.ucsd.edu/doc/

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on May 16, 2016. The establishment of open access literature makes it possible for knowledge to be extracted from scholarly articles and included in other resources. BioLit aims to extract database identifiers and rich meta-data from open access articles in the life sciences and integrate that information with existing biological databases. We have begun prototyping this effort using a clone of the RCSB Protein Data Bank, a database of macromolecular structures. Cyberinfrastructure is integral to all aspects of conducting experimental research and distributing those results. However, it has yet to make a similar impact on the way we communicate that information. Peer-reviewed publications have long been the currency of scientific research as they are the fundamental unit through which scientists communicate with and evaluate each other. However, in striking contrast to the data, publications have yet to benefit from the opportunities offered by cyberinfrastructure. While the means of distributing publications has vastly improved, publishers have done little else to capitalize on the electronic medium. In particular, semantic information describing the content of these publications is sorely lacking, as is the integration of this information with data in public repositories. This is confounding considering that many basic tools for marking-up and integrating publication content in this manner already exist, such as a centralized literature database, relevant ontologies, and machine-readable document standards. We believe that the research community is ripe for a revolution in scientific communication and that the current generation of scientists will be the one to push it forward. These scientists, generally graduate students and new post-docs and have grown up with cyberinfrastructure as a part of their daily lives, not just a specialized aspect of their profession. They have a natural ability to do science in an electronic environment without the need for printed publications or static documents and, in fact, can feel quite limited by the traditional format of a publication. Perhaps most importantly, they appreciate that the sheer amount of data and the number of publications is prohibitive to the traditional methods of keeping current with the literature. Fink, L., Bourne, P. Reinventing Scholarly Communication for the Electronic Age, CTWatch Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 3, August 2007., THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on September 16,2025.

Proper citation: BioLit (RRID:SCR_008270) Copy   


http://psychiatry.ucsd.edu/Neuroembryologylab/index.htm

Dr. Eric Turner''s laboratory studies the mechanisms underlying the development of the nervous system. The vertebrate brain is comprised of a tremendous variety of neurons, each class exhibiting a unique phenotype characterized by the expression of specific neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, patterns of axonal growth, and synapse formation. The research we conduct focuses on the critical role transcription factors play in the specification of neuronal cell type during development. We are particularly interested in transcription factors of the homeodomain family that bind to DNA and in doing so activate or repress gene expression. One area of study is the role of POU-domain transciption factor Brn3a in axon growth and survival. The primary research areas are: * Neuronal cell fate determination: The expression of regulatory genes is manipulated in living chick embryos using microsurgery and electroporation and the effects on neural marker genes studied. * Molecular mechanisms of gene regulation: Target DNA binding sites of neural transcription factors are biochemically characterized and findings coordinated with sequence data from the mouse and human genomes. * Targeted misexpression of regulatory genes: Transgenic and knockout mouse technology is used to misexpress genes of interest, and the effects on neural marker genes, axonal growth, and cell survival studied. * Global analysis of neural gene expression: Micro-arrays (GeneChips) are employed in conjunction with other areas of study to understand the coordinated regulation of gene expression in the nervous system. Dr. Turner is a member of the University of California, San Diego''s Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences Program and accepts students from these two programs. Interesting rotation projects are available using methods ranging from biochemistry and molecular biology to embryology. Additionally, Dr. Turner is also the Director of this NIMH-funded training program for research-oriented psychiatrists, psychologists, and basic neuroscientists working in areas relevant to psychiatry. Typically Fellows spend two years in the program, during which they develop a research project under the close supervision of one of the highly productive members of the UCSD Department of Psychiatry, or another investigator in the La Jolla (UCSD/Salk/Scripps) research community.

Proper citation: Department of Psychiatry, Turner Laboratory (RRID:SCR_008067) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_008366

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://www.jax.org/imr/index.html

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on June 08, 2012. The function of the IMR is to select, import, cryopreserve, maintain, and distribute these important strains of mice to the research community. To improve their value for research, the IMR also undertakes genetic development of stocks, such as transferring mutant genes or transgenes to defined genetic backgrounds and combining transgenes and/or targeted mutations to create new mouse models for research. The function of the IMR is to: * select biomedically important stocks of transgenic, chemically induced, and targeted mutant mice * import these stocks into the Jackson Laboratory by rederivation procedures that rid them of any pathogens they might carry * cryopreserve embryos from these stocks to protect them against accidental loss and genetic contamination * backcross the mutation onto an inbred strain, if necessary * distribute them to the scientific community More than 1000 mutant stocks have been accepted by the IMR from 1992 through December 2006. Current holdings include models for research on cancer; breast cancer; immunological and inflammatory diseases; neurological diseases; behavioral, cardiovascular and heart diseases; developmental, metabolic and other diseases; reporter (e.g., GFP) and recombinase (e.g., cre/loxP) strains. About eight strains a month are being added to the IMR holdings. Research is being conducted on improved methods for assisted reproduction and speed congenic production. Most of the targeted mutants arrive on a mixed 129xC57BL/6 genetic background, and as many of these as possible are backcrossed onto an inbred strain (usually C57BL/6J). In addition, new mouse models are being created by intercrossing carriers of specific transgenes and/or targeted mutations. Simple sequence length polymorphism DNA markers are being used to characterize and evaluate differences between inbred strains, substrains, and embryonic stem cell lines.

Proper citation: Induced Mutant Resource (RRID:SCR_008366) Copy   


  • RRID:SCR_008641

    This resource has 1+ mentions.

http://www.transgenic-hydra.org/

The Transgenic Hydra Facility is a non-profit facility in the laboratory of Thomas Bosch at the University of Kiel that assists scientists to use and to develop transgenic Hydra polyps. Our mission is to provide investigators access to the latest technology for the efficient production of transgenic polyps. We particularly encourage scientists from laboratories lacking the infrastructure for transgenic Hydra technologies to use our services. Abstract: Understanding the evolution of development in large part relies on the study of phylogenetically old organisms. Cnidarians, such as Hydra, have become attractive model organisms for these studies. However, despite long-term efforts, stably transgenic animals could not be generated, severely limiting the functional analysis of genes. Here we report the efficient generation of transgenic Hydra lines by embryo microinjection. One of these transgenic lines expressing EGFP revealed remarkably high motility of individual endodermal epithelial cells during morphogenesis. We expect that transgenic Hydra will become important tools to dissect the molecular mechanisms of development at the base of the Metazoan tree. Sponsors: Financial support for this research was provided by the German Research Foundation [Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grants B0848/13 and SFB617.

Proper citation: Transgenic Hydra Facility (RRID:SCR_008641) Copy   


http://www.sanger.ac.uk/PostGenomics/S_pombe/

The laboratory studies global gene expression programs in fission yeast (S. pombe). They apply a wide range of integrated approaches to analyse regulatory networks during cell proliferation, differentiation and quiescence including genetic and environmental perturbations. They are also interested in genetic diversity, genome evolution, and the complex interactions between genotypes, phenotypes, and the environment. The relative simplicity of the yeast cell promises a deeply satisfying, systems-level understanding of its inner workings within our life time Sponsors: This research is mainly funded by Cancer Research UK and the EC FP7 PhenOxiGEn project. Keywords: Gene, Expression, S.pombe, Yeast, Cell, Proliferation, Differentiation, Environmental, Genetic, Diversity, Genome, Evolution, Genotype, Phenotype, Environment,

Proper citation: Bahler Laboratory: Genome Regulation (RRID:SCR_008422) Copy   


http://qneuro.rutgers.edu

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented August 23, 2016. The brain is made of billions of neurons, which together form the world''s most powerful information-processing machine. Despite decades of research, the fundamental principle by which these cells work together is still unknown. Many theories for brain function have been proposed over the last century. But only in the last few years has it become possible to record simultaneously from large enough numbers of neurons to put these theories to the test experimentally. This is an unprecedented opportunity, but it opens up a new question: how do we go from the gigabytes of experimental data that we now have, to concise conclusions about the function of the brain? The data processing methods traditionally used in neuroscience are not sophisticated enough to exploit this new flood of information. Fortunately, modern statistics and machine learning theory is making great strides in precisely the type of techniques needed to process these large multivariate databases. By applying these methods to neuronal data, we can now test long-standing hypotheses about brain function. The Cell Assembly The main focus of our research is an experimental search for cell assemblies. Before describing what a cell assembly is, it will be useful to describe what it is not. The brain is often thought of as a feed-forward system. In this scheme, sensory information is processed by successive levels of cortical analyzers, each of which transforms the results of previous levels, until sensory information is in a suitable form to guide the animals behavior. In support of this idea, the pattern of connections in the cortex does appear to respect a hierarchical organization, with the output of low-level areas corresponding to a single sensory modality being integrated into high-level multi-modal areas. Responses in higher-level sensory areas appear to have more complex responses to sensory stimuli, in agreement with increased abstraction as the hierarchy is traversed. However, there are several levels at which this feed-forward picture is incomplete. At the circuit diagram level, there more connections projecting across and down the hierarchy, than there are feed-forward projections. What''s more, if information were processed in a strictly feed-forward manner, one would expect a neuron to respond identically to repeated presentations of the same sensory stimulus. Although this is a fairly good approximation in primary sensory areas of cortex, in high-level structures responses are often more variable than expected from strict sensory control. Finally, although feed-forward processing can describe how an animal could perform simple stimulus-response behaviors, it cannot explain more complex top-down behaviors such as memory or thought. An alternative point of view, put forward over 50 years ago by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, holds that recurrent and feedback connections play an essential role in brain function. The principal actor in this view is the cell assembly, an anatomically distributed subset of neurons, amongst which mutually excitatory connections have been strengthened by repeated co-activation, allowing the assembly to later maintain its activity through reverberation without direct sensory stimulation. This theory allows for sensory-response behavior, and also behavior resulting purely from internally generated cognitive activity, by the sequential activation of a series of assemblies, leading in turn to the production of motion. In our research, we search for signatures of assembly activity in simultaneous recordings from multiple neurons, and aim to characterize the properties of assembly activity in ways not possible from theory alone. Software for Automatic Clustering KlustaKwik is a program developed in the lab for automatic cluster analysis, specifically designed to run fast on large data sets. In order facilitate open-source development, it is now located at klustakwik.sourceforge.net. This study was supported by NIH grants MH073245 and DC009947; NSF grant SBE-0542013 to the Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center, an NSF Science of Learning Center; a National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, grant DC-005787-01A1; and a Spanish grant FIS 2006-09294. K.D.H. is an Alfred P. Sloan fellow. We would like to dedicate this work to the memory of D. J. Amit.

Proper citation: Rutgers University Quantitative Neuroscience Laboratory (RRID:SCR_008541) Copy   



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