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http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/cmbidata/cgf/CGF_Database/cytokine.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp/
THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on August 26, 2016. A collection of cDNA, gene and protein records of cytokines deposited in public databases provides various information about the cytokine members of vertebrates in other databases including NCBI GenBank, Swiss-Prot, UniGene, TIGR (The Institute for Genomic Research) Gene Indices, Ensembl, Entrez Gene, Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) and Rat Genome Database (RGD). It also provides orthologous relationship of cytokine members and includes novel members identified in the databases.
Proper citation: Cytokine Family Database (RRID:SCR_008134) Copy
http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/tetraodon/
The initial objective of Genoscope was to compare the genomic sequences of this fish to that of humans to help in the annotation of human genes and to estimate their number. This strategy is based on the common genetic heritage of the vertebrates: from one species of vertebrate to another, even for those as far apart as a fish and a mammal, the same genes are present for the most part. In the case of the compact genome of Tetraodon, this common complement of genes is contained in a genome eight times smaller than that of humans. Although the length of the exons is similar in these two species, the size of the introns and the intergenic sequences is greatly reduced in this fish. Furthermore, these regions, in contrast to the exons, have diverged completely since the separation of the lineages leading to humans and Tetraodon. The Exofish method, developed at Genoscope, exploits this contrast such that the conserved regions which can be identified by comparing genomic sequences of the two species, correspond only to coding regions. Using preliminary sequencing results of the genome of Tetraodon in the year 2000, Genoscope evaluated the number of human genes at about 30,000, whereas much higher estimations were current. The progress of the annotation of the human genome has since supported the Genoscope hypothesis, with values as low as 22,000 genes and a consensus of around 25,000 genes. The sequencing of the Tetraodon genome at a depth of about 8X, carried out as a collaboration between Genoscope and the Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research (now the Broad Institute), was finished in 2002, with the production of an assembly covering 90 of the euchromatic region of the genome of the fish. This has permitted the application of Exofish at a larger scale in comparisons with the genome of humans, but also with those of the two other vertebrates sequenced at the time (Takifugu, a fish closely related to Tetraodon, and the mouse). The conserved regions detected in this way have been integrated into the annotation procedure, along with other resources (cDNA sequences from Tetraodon and ab initio predictions). Of the 28,000 genes annotated, some families were examined in detail: selenoproteins, and Type 1 cytokines and their receptors. The comparison of the proteome of Tetraodon with those of mammals has revealed some interesting differences, such as a major diversification of some hormone systems and of the collagen molecules in the fish. A search for transposable elements in the genomic sequences of Tetraodon has also revealed a high diversity (75 types), which contrasts with their scarcity; the small size of the Tetraodon genome is due to the low abundance of these elements, of which some appear to still be active. Another factor in the compactness of the Tetraodon genome, which has been confirmed by annotation, is the reduction in intron size, which approaches a lower limit of 50-60 bp, and which preferentially affects certain genes. The availability of the sequences from the genomes of humans and mice on one hand, and Takifugu and Tetraodon on the other, provide new opportunities for the study of vertebrate evolution. We have shown that the level of neutral evolution is higher in fish than in mammals. The protein sequences of fish also diverge more quickly than those of mammals. A key mechanism in evolution is gene duplication, which we have studied by taking advantage of the anchoring of the majority of the sequences from the assembly on the chromosomes. The result of this study speaks strongly in favor of a whole genome duplication event, very early in the line of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygians). An even stronger evidence came from synteny studies between the genomes of humans and Tetraodon. Using a high-resolution synteny map, we have reconstituted the genome of the vertebrate which predates this duplication - that is, the last common ancestor to all bony vertebrates (most of the vertebrates apart from cartilaginous fish and agnaths like lamprey). This ancestral karyotype contains 12 chromosomes, and the 21 Tetraodon chromosomes derive from it by the whole genome duplication and a surprisingly small number of interchromosomal rearrangements. On the contrary, exchanges between chromosomes have been much more frequent in the lineage that leads to humans. Sponsors: The project was supported by the Consortium National de Recherche en Genomique and the National Human Genome Research Institute.
Proper citation: Tetraodon Genome Browser (RRID:SCR_007079) Copy
Only worldwide authority that provides standardized nomenclature, i.e. gene names and symbols (short form abbreviations), for all known human genes, and stores all approved symbols in the HGNC database. Approved human gene nomenclature. Database of gene symbols and names. Manually curated genes into groups based on shared characteristics such as homology, function or phenotype. Data for protein-coding genes, pseudogenes and non-coding RNAs.
Proper citation: HGNC (RRID:SCR_002827) Copy
https://3dvcell.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, confirmed by curator 11/21/2018; Community of researchers attempting to build a comprehensive virtual cell model. The 3DVC will do for cell biology what the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) does for particle physics, but through a virtual rather than physical resource. It will bring together collaborators around a shared infrastructure to advance the field through efficient groundbreaking science and technology, the results of which will be broadly disseminated to an audience ranging from K12 to professionals. The 3DVC is committed to open science, yet strives for sustainability through new business models that leverages that open content.
Proper citation: 3DVC (RRID:SCR_001377) Copy
Public research university in San Francisco, California. Part of University of California system. Dedicated entirely to health sciences. Major center of medical and biological research and teaching. Ranked as one of top universities in biomedical field in USA and around world.
Proper citation: University of California at San Francisco; California; USA (RRID:SCR_010605) Copy
Proper citation: Kumamoto University; Kumamoto; Japan (RRID:SCR_004102) Copy
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